NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanotechnology (sometimes
shortened to "nanotech") is the manipulation of matter on an atomic
and molecular scale. The earliest, widespread description of nanotechnology[referred
to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and
molecules for fabrication of macroscale products, also now referred to as
molecular nanotechnology. A more generalized description of nanotechnology was
subsequently established by the National Nanotechnology Initiative, which
defines nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least one
dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers.
GRID COMPUTING
Grid computing is the federation
of computer resources from multiple locations to reach a common goal. The grid
can be thought of as a distributed system with non-interactive workloads that
involve a large number of files. What distinguishes grid computing from
conventional high performance computing systems such as cluster computing is
that grids tend to be more loosely coupled, heterogeneous, and geographically
dispersed. Although a single grid can be dedicated to a particular application,
commonly a grid is used for a variety of purposes. Grids are often constructed
with general-purpose grid middleware software libraries.
QUANTUM COMPUTING
A quantum computer is a
computation device that makes direct use of quantum mechanical phenomena, such
as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data. Quantum
computers are different from digital computers based on transistors. Whereas
digital computers require data to be encoded into binary digits (bits), quantum
computation uses quantum properties to represent data and perform operations on
these data. A theoretical model is the quantum Turing machine, also known as
the universal quantum computer
SEMANTIC WEB
The Semantic Web is a collaborative movement led by the
international standards body, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The standard
promotes common data formats on the World Wide Web. By encouraging the
inclusion of semantic content in web pages, the Semantic Web aims at converting
the current web dominated by unstructured and semi-structured documents into a
"web of data". The Semantic Web stack builds on the W3C's Resource
Description Framework (RDF). According to the W3C, "The Semantic Web
provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across
application, enterprise, and community boundaries."